ABSTRACT
The Hartón del Valle(HV)cattleisa Criollo breed of Spanish descent that has adapted to the conditionsof the Cauca valley (Colombia). This breed is currently listed as “vulnerable” because its population has dramatically declined in the last two years. Prompted by the uncertain future of this breed and its importance as a potential resource of valuable genes. Objective: this study addressed the diversity, genetic structure and ancestry of HV cattle using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Methods: a 350-bp fragment was amplified and sequenced from 72 HV animals in 9 separate farms and from animals of Brahman and Holstein breeds. To analyze the breed's ancestry, the sequences were compared with 560 sequences available in the GenBank, representing 50 Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds. Results: in accordance with the Spanish origin of the HV breed, there was a high representation of European mtDNA (91.7%) and a low representation of African (5.5%) and Middle Eastern mtDNA (2.7%). The average haplotype diversity was 0.65 ± 0.05. The farm with the oldest ancestry was the only population in which three mitochondrial lineages were observed; unfortunately, it was recently depopulated. Proximity was observed between HV and two Columbian breeds, the Romosinuano and Costeño con Cuernos. A comparative analysis with the sequences deposited in the GenBank from numerous breeds revealed the presence of 37 haplotypes, seven of which were unique to HV. Conclusions: the following Iberian breeds were found to be most closely related to HV: Tudanca, Rubia Gallega, Negra Serrana, Murciana, Pajuna, Avileña, Garvonesa and Mertolenga. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the Iberian ancestry and some African influence on this Latin American Criollo breed.
El Hartón del Valle (HV),es una raza adaptada a las condiciones del Valle del Cauca(Colombia) que está catalogada como “vulnerable” y cuya población ha descendido drásticamente en los últimos dos años. Objetivo: debido al futuro incierto y a la importancia como recurso potencial en la seguridad alimentaria regional se abordó el estudio de la diversidad, la estructura genética y la ancestría del HV, mediante ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt). Métodos: se amplificó y secuenció un fragmento de 350 pb en 72 animales HV, provenientes de nueve poblaciones y de controles de las razas Brahman y Holstein. Para analizar la ancestría las secuencias fueron comparadas con 560 secuencias de 50 razas Bos taurus y Bos indicus, depositadas en el GenBank. Resultados: de acuerdo con su origen español, se encontró una marcada influencia del ADNmt europeo (91.7%) y baja participación de taurinos de origen africano (5.5%) y del cercano Oriente (2.7%). La diversidad haplotípica promedio fue 0.65 ± 0.05. El hato más antiguo fue el único que mostró los tres linajes mitocondriales, sin embargo, este ha sido liquidado recientemente. Se observó proximidad entre el HV con las razas colombianas Romosinuano y Costeño con Cuernos. La comparación con las secuencias depositadas en el GenBank con diferentes razas reveló la presencia de 37 haplotipos, de los cuales siete fueron únicos en el HV. Conclusiones: las razas ibéricas más cercanas al HV fueron: Tudanca, Rubia Gallega, Negra Serrana, Murciana, Pajuna, Avileña, Garvonesa y Mertolenga. El árbol filogenético confirmó la ancestralidad ibérica y la influencia africana en las razas criollas de América Latina.
O Hartón del Valle (HV) é uma raça adaptada às condições da região pertencente ao departamento do Valle del Cauca (Colombia). A raça está catalogada como vulnerável já que sua população tem sido reduzida drasticamente nos últimos dois anos. Objetivo: devido a incerteza no futuro da raça e a sua importancia como recurso potencial na segurança alimentaria regional, abordou-se o estudo da diversidade, a estrutura genética e a ancestralidade do gado HV, utilizando DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA). Métodos: para isto, se amplificou e sequenciou um fragmento de 350 pares de bases em 72 animais provenientes de nove populações e também de controles das raças Brahman e Holandesa. Para analizar a ancestralidade das sequências, estas foram comparadas com outras 560 de 50 raças Bos taurus y Bos indicus depositadas no genebank. Resultados: de acordo com sua origem espanhola, foi encontrada uma marcada influência do DNA mitocondrial europeu (91.7%), e baixa participação de taurinos de origem africana (5.5%) e do Oriente Próximo (2.7%). A média da diversidade haplotípica foi de 0.65 ± 0.05. A população de gado HV mais antiga foi a única que apresentou as três linhagens mitocondriais encontradas; embora, esta população foi terminada recentemente. Observou-se também proximidade do gado HV com as raças colombianas da região Caribe, Romosinuano e Costeño con Cuernos. A comparação com as sequências depositadas no genebank com diferentes raças revelou a presença de 37 haplotipos, dos quais sete foram únicos no HV. Conclusões: as raças ibéricas mais aproximadas do HV foram: Tudanca, Rubia Gallega, Negra Serrana, Murciana, Pajuna, Avileña Garvonesa e Mertolenga. A árvore filogenética confirmou sua ancestralidade ibérica e a influência africana nas raças crioulas da América Latina.
ABSTRACT
Para estimar el efecto de la densidad poblacional de huevos sobre la viabilidad huevoadulto de Drosophila melanogaster se realizaron tres tratamientos en frascos con medio de cultivo agar-banano: a densidad de 10, 50 y 90 huevos. La variable de respuesta fue la proporción de individuos adultos emergidos desde la aparición del primer imago hasta 15 días después de la siembra. Las viabilidades huevo-adulto promedio fueron 0,320, 0,338 y 0,328 para las densidades de 10, 50 y 90 huevos respectivamente. No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre los tres tratamientos (p>0.05). Por lo tanto, no se detectó en este estudio influencia de la densidad poblacional de huevos sobre la viabilidad huevo-adulto. Probablemente debido a que la proporción entre el número de huevos y la cantidad de medio fue suficientemente alta para no generar competencia en otros estadios del desarrollo huevo/adulto.
For estimating the effect from population density of eggs over viability egg-adult in Drosophila melanogaster, it was made three treatments in flasks with agar-banana culture media: densities of 10, 50 and 90 eggs. The effect evaluated was the adults proportion that emerged after 15 days of planting. The mean proportions of viability egg-adult were 0.32, 0.338 and 0.328 for the density of 10, 50 and 90 eggs respectively. Significant differences in viability were not evident (p>0.05). Consequently, it was not found effects from the eggs densities in the present study over egg-adult viability. These results probably were due to that the relation among number of eggs and quantity of culture media was not enough of a high for generate competition at another stadiums through the egg-adult development.
ABSTRACT
The genetic variation and population structure of three populations of Anopheles darlingi from Colombia were studied using random amplified polymorphic markers (RAPDs) and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers (AFLPs). Six RAPD primers produced 46 polymorphic fragments, while two AFLP primer combinations produced 197 polymorphic fragments from 71 DNA samples. Both of the evaluated genetic markers showed the presence of gene flow, suggesting that Colombian An. darlingi populations are in panmixia. Average genetic diversity, estimated from observed heterozygosity, was 0.374 (RAPD) and 0.309 (AFLP). RAPD and AFLP markers showed little evidence of geographic separation between eastern and western populations; however, the F ST values showed high gene flow between the two western populations (RAPD: F ST = 0.029; Nm: 8.5; AFLP: F ST = 0.051; Nm: 4.7). According to molecular variance analysis (AMOVA), the genetic distance between populations was significant (RAPD:phiST = 0.084; AFLP:phiST = 0.229, P < 0.001). The F ST distances and AMOVAs using AFLP loci support the differentiation of the Guyana biogeographic province population from those of the Chocó-Magdalena. In this last region, Chocó and Córdoba populations showed the highest genetic flow.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anopheles/genetics , Genetic Variation , Genetics, Population , Genes, Insect/genetics , Anopheles/classification , Base Sequence , Colombia , Geography , Genetic Markers/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Multivariate Analysis , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA TechniqueABSTRACT
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyze 119 DNA samples of three Colombian Anopheles nuneztovari populations to study genetic variation and structure. Genetic diversity, estimated from heterozygosity, averaged 0.34. Genetic flow was greater between the two populations located in Western Colombia (F ST: 0.035; Nm: 6.8) but lower between these two and the northeastern population (F ST: 0.08; Nm: 2.8). According to molecular variance analysis, the genetic distance between populations was significant (phiST 0.1131, P < 0.001). The variation among individuals within populations (phiST 0.8869, P < 0.001)was also significant, suggesting a greater degree of population subdivision, not considered in this study. Both the parameters evaluated and the genetic flow suggest that Colombian An. nuneztovari populations are co-specific